The EPR Paradox ...

In order for any Reality Model or TOE theory to be successful it has to explain at least 2 paradoxes, one of which is the Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen (EPR) paradox. This paradox is the most challenging of all the mysteries I have attempted to explain, and for those who are unfamiliar with it, I will give a brief history and explanation of EPR below.

History

In the early 1900s Max Planck and then Einstein wrote two seminal papers that blazed the trail for the new paradigm in physics. This began the age of Quantum Mechanics. In time it seemed to most physicists that classical mechanics could not describe the world of atoms and sub-atomic particles. Shortly there after other scientists like Niels Bohr and Werner Heisenberg made other important contributions which also further developed Quantum Theory. Bohr and Heisenberg insisted that there was no meaningful way in which people could describe the details of an atom’s behavior. There were many problems that seemed impossible to predict with classical mathematical techniques. An example being it was impossible to predict the precise moment when an atom specifically an electron would emit a photon. Even though it is difficult to predict atomic and sub atomic behavior using traditional techniques Einstein still believed that every thing that happened in the Universe had a direct cause and a subsequent effect. He believed that the Universe was deterministic. He could not accept that Quantum Theory suggests that the Universe operates with a mysterious innate uncertainty. On the other hand the advocates of Quantum Mechanics were racking up success after success predicting particle behavior with Quantum Mechanics.

The disagreement over the ability of quantum theory to adequately describe nature triggered the famous Bohr-Einstein debates. Bohr and Einstein spent many years debating the persona of nature as is it relates to and as it is described by Quantum Mechanics. The debate went on for years and was culminated by Einstein’s final assault which was the Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen paradox.

Introduction

In the world of physics, the EPR paradox, which was not a ‘paradox’ as such, but simply a theory that later became a physical experiment, which was designed to prove that Quantum Theory violates classical intuitions. The experiment proved that QT is both incomplete and fundamentally flawed.

The EPR paradox draws on a phenomenon predicted by quantum mechanics, known as quantum entanglement, to show that measurements performed on spatially separated parts of a quantum system can apparently have an instantaneous influence on each other. This effect is now known as "non-local behavior" (or colloquially as "quantum weirdness"). Einstein believed that because Quantum Theory predicts this unlikely nonsensical phenomenon, the theory must be flawed. He also believed that entanglement could only work because in reality particles do not have an instantaneous effect on each other. Entangled particles must somehow carry with them, hidden local variables that would tell them what to do when spatially separated from its twin. This would then give the appearance of non-locality. On the other hand quantum entanglement theory says that under certain circumstances, spatially distant events in one system can have an effect on another local system, the states of the 2 systems can be correlated. No physical explanation for this phenomenon is provided by Quantum Mechanics.

To put it more precisely, if you emit two photons, photons A and B, from the same light source and they are phase correlated (twin like), and you let them travel away from each other, separating by a great distance, something amazing will happen. Any changes in the attributes of photon A can be measurably demonstrated in photon B. Thus B has been affected by the change in A. Photon B seems to have changed instantaneously even though it is nowhere near its ‘twin’, thus suggesting a connection between them. This definitely violates Einsteinian Relativity, which states that information cannot be transferred faster than the speed of light. As nothing can apparently exceed the natural speed limit imposed by Einstein’s Theory of Special Relativity, how can information be transferred between the two photons faster than the speed of light?

The above-mentioned phenomenon is real and has been verified by many experiments. At this stage, I will briefly sum up the two opposing arguments for why it occurs.

Einstein Assumptions and Arguments

Einstein made the reasonable assumption that the two spatially separated, entangled photons could not be physically connected and therefore were not communicating information about each other’s states via superluminal means. Unfortunately for him the experimental evidence strongly suggests that there is a connection. Whether some physicists want to admit it or not something is happening at superluminal speeds. That was Einstein’s first error. The second mistake was the introduction of hidden local variables. With the help of David Bohm’s thought experiment, Bell’s Inequality Principle and many other experiments that followed those ground breaking ideas, the theory of local hidden variables was proven to not be the correct explanation for entanglement mystery.

Quantum Theory Explanation

Quantum theory really has no physical explanation for entanglement. It does however effectively and accurately predict this strange phenomenon with the use of the mathematical techniques that employs quantum mechanical probabilities.

The language is very important when trying to use the explanation provided by physicists. Many physicists will freely admit that the language that is used to describe the entanglement phenomenon to laymen is not proper or accurate. Many very prominent physicists use phrases like “instantaneous communication” and “changes in one particle affecting the other particle”. According to some physicists none of that language is at all useful when thinking about entanglement, expressly because it does not distinguish between a change in a particle and a change in the wave function a physicist would use to predict the outcomes of an experiment on a particle. That distinction is rather important, or entanglement, and much of quantum mechanics, makes no sense. What does the explanation used above really mean? Many physicists say we don't need a new theory to make sense of that reality, we just need to use language correctly in the theory we now have. So even between themselves they argue about the semantics of how to describe this phenomenon. When it comes to explaining the EPR paradox do they themselves really know what there talking about?

Further clarification is obviously needed. Therefore I evoke the greatest of all the experts on EPR, Albert Einstein. He said that “according to Quantum Theory that a measurement performed on one part A of a quantum entangled system has a non-local effect on the physical reality of another distant part B.” The meaning of that statement seems clear. A measurement made on particle A effects the distant particle B. Einstein called that Spooky Action at a Distance.

So what we have is that the results of EPR experiments are accurately predicted by Quantum Mechanical computations but how it happens has not been explained. Unfortunately this lack of explanation does not seem to bother Quantum Mechanics enthusiasts, and it should. Simply because the mathematical technique accurately predicts the phenomenon, the assumption was made that Quantum Mechanics is non-local by nature and that therefore, so too is our physical reality.

Quantum Theory supporters also shy away from the idea that the two spatially separated objects mentioned above are communicating at superluminal speed. Instead when pressed for an explanation, the response tends to fall back on phrases such as - Non-local behavior, Quantum Weirdness, Spooky Action at a Distance and Connectedness.

Neither of the two explanations successfully explains this mysterious physical phenomenon.

The experimental data on the surface seems to support Quantum Mechanics. Most physicists today regard the EPR Paradox as an illustration of how QM violates classical intuitions, and not as an indication that it is fundamentally flawed. That’s just a fancy way of saying that, yeah this phenomenon makes no sense but that’s ok with us. We have to stop settling for this laid back approach to solving the mysteries of physical reality. The fact remains that this phenomenon is completely unexplained.

One of the founding principles of Super Relativity is the belief that all of physical reality is mechanical and sensible and should be comprehensible. Therefore EPR must be an explainable phenomenon, which needs to be understood and if Quantum Mechanics cannot explain it, it means that the does not describe physical reality. It is in some way incomplete. Quantum Mechanics is simply a mathematical tool that can be used to statistically predict sub-atomic particle behavior and events. It should, in no way, be used to describe physical reality using probability techniques.

Super Relativity Explanation

I will now attempt to explain what I believe happens with entanglement according to Super Relativity Theory. Since changing particle A instantaneously affects and changes particle B, our physical reality must be adhering to the principle of locality. I know this sounds weird … we have two very distant objects and they are having an affect on one another therefore this is non-locality.

In reality, although the particles are separated by a great distance spatially speaking, I can demonstrate that in some respects, they are not separated at all. Using Special Relativity formulas, it can be shown that the particles traveling away from each other at the speed of light are not separated in time and therefore not separated in distance. Super Relativity Theory also proves that a superluminal connection can also be established thereby solving the instantaneous communication conundrum. Therefore the entangled photons are in reality a local single entity. This means the philosophical concept of causality is also enforced here and is not in fact violated, which is how it appears at first. It may even be possible to have a superluminal connection that does not cause time to flow backwards. In order for time reversal to be avoided the space between the 2 objects has to be modified in such a way as to change the value for the constant for the speed of light. If spatial tension between the two objects increases the value for the speed of light will increase as well.

Causality is simply the process of making something happen. It is fundamental to all natural science and is especially true where physics is concerned. Causality denotes a necessary physical relationship between one event - the cause, and another - the effect, which occurs as a direct consequence of the first. Logically, causality is not violated as long as you accept the possibility that superluminal communication is possible. This simply means that the cause manifests an effect that happens instantaneously. The two spatially separated objects are physically connected via a substance that is capable of propagating force (electromagnetic fields) instantaneously across space. If this is true then under the special condition in which spatial tension has been increased due to receding entangled objects, all of physical reality should be considered as locally connected. The possibility of superluminal communication by the means of force propagation via a medium would have a deeply profound effect on science if it is proven to be correct.

This would not only deal a death blow to Quantum Mechanics but also takes out Special Relativity with a single stroke. I understand that this is a difficult concept to seriously consider, as this idea is in direct contradiction to two very well established theories. It may be why no one wanted to suggest this possibility before. None the less, the facts as revealed by experiment strongly suggest that the idea is worth serious consideration. Indeed, I believe that a physical superluminal connection is the only reasonable explanation for EPR entanglement.

Time = Zero

If photons A and B are traveling away from each other, Special Relativity's “Addition of Velocities” can be used to compute their velocity relative to each other.

Calculation of the math will show that that the photons are moving away from each other at the speed of light.

Any object traveling at this speed according to the Special Theory of Relativity should have an infinite mass and be infinitely small. This does not seem to be the case with photons as they appear to have no mass at all. This is a violation of Special Relativity and needs to be addressed now. Within this website there is an entire chapter dedicated to the photon and Special Relativity. Therefore I will give only a brief explanation here. For the complete discussion please read the chapter “What is a Photon?”

Since there is a violation of Special Relativity, the photon must have some special characteristic that allows the exception to occur. Logically speaking, in order for it to travel at the maximum allowable speed the photon must be massless. If it did have any mass at all, it would manifest infinite mass when travelling at the speed of light. This obviously does not happen. So the photon according to Super Relativity is mechanically constructed in such a way that it does not generate inertial or relativistic mass. The Super Relativity model of the photon describes the photon whose physical construction is such that it has a minimum interaction with space. The photon does not generate mass because it has a balanced electrical charge which makes it travel a straight path. Since it travels at a constant speed in a straight path, no gravitational field is generated.

Super Relativity Theory states that mass is only generated by positively or negatively charged particles that travel in curved paths, and we know that according to Super Relativity that the speed at which light travels is determined by the amount of spatial tension. Mechanically speaking the photon is constructed with two curvatures of space. The first curvature turns in a clockwise direction and the second, in a counterclockwise direction. The twist in space directly corresponds to charge. So the sum total of charge for the photon is zero. This explains why the photon is the exception where Einstein’s Special Relativity is concerned.

For more information on the Theory of Gravity according to SR Theory please read the Chapter on “The Origin of Gravity”.

Another consideration for understanding what is going on with the photon is the aspect of time passage. Time passage for objects traveling at the speed of light should be zero relative to all others in the Universe. This is especially true when two objects are moving away from each other at light speed. If photon A checks photon B’s clock, it will have stopped running, and vice versa. According to the equations of Special Relativity, the photons should be locked in a single moment that lasts for an eternity.

Although both the equations of Special Relativity and the Lorentz Transformations are often assumed not to apply to the microscopic world of sub-atomic particles, the equations of Special Relativity according to Super Relativity, apply to all matter and energy, macroscopic and microscopic. So Special Relativity does not completely describe the special case of the photon’s ‘masslessness’ and needs to be amended accordingly.

The portion of Special Relativity concerning time dilation may still apply but it is doubtful. If it does apply, then the application of the Lorentz Time Dilation formula suggests that time ceases to exist for photons. This would appear to confirm that photons are eternally locked in a single moment. (See the Time Dilation effect.) The same rule applies for all photons relative to all other objects in the Universe. Since there is no progress of time the value for time goes to zero. If the value of time=0 for entangled, separating photons, then by the equation Distance=Rate*Time, the distance separating the entangled photons mathematically speaking, goes to zero. (0=299,792,458*0). Yet, spatially speaking they may be separated by millions of miles.

Interconnectedness

Interconnectedness has been suggested by the work of David Bohm and John Bell. Bell’s Theorem appears to assert that a logical local deterministic model of the universe can not be correct. What Bells’ Theorem and the subsequent test proved is that there are no local hidden variables that are at work in determining the results of the EPR experiments. Super Relativity does not disagree with that. The other possibility for the physical explanation for the EPR paradox is that there is an actual physical interconnection between entangled objects and therefore this is a special case situation that violates Einstein’s Special Relativity because a super luminal connection appears to be at work. A change in a local object must actually have an immediate effect on an entangled object at a remote location. This of course would require faster than light communication of force transfer over a distance.

According to Super Relativity a physical connection is needed for superluminal communication to take place. It can therefore now be argued that the phase correlated objects of any type in EPR can be considered not to be separated in time and therefore in distance.

* ( It should be noted at this point that the entanglement phenomenon also occurs with objects such as electron - positron pairs. In this case the argument of spatial tension increase becomes even more important as these objects individually are receding at less than the speed of light and the phenomenon still occurs. It can still be argued that their total relative separation speed may be at the speed of light due to addition of both velocities. On the other hand since these objects may not be receding from each other at the speed of light that possibility may negate the separation of objects at the speed of light as a contributing factor in the EPR Phenomenon. Either way the spatial tension argument is still applicable and ultimately should be considered as the root cause of superluminal intra-object communication. )

In reality entangled systems are spatially separated. So there still needs to be a physical mechanism that allows the superluminal transfer of force. This mechanism does exist in Super Relativity Theory. The only possible explanation for the superluminal interconnection is that there must be a physical medium that exists between the two entangled objects. This medium normally only allows force fields, such as electromagnetism to travel at a maximum speed of 299 792 458 m / s, in other words, very fast but not instantaneously. In order for this to happen the ether medium which is space itself would have to be modified so that it is transformed into a special high tension state.

According to Super Relativity Theory, the entanglement of photons creates this special state of matter. When two photons become physically entangled, a fiber connection composed of the entwined electromagnetic fields is formed between them. It may be that when the electron drops two levels and emits the photons, the motion of the electron as it drops two levels creates the condition that allows the electrostatic charge fields of the two photons to become entwined, which creates the entangled connection filament. As the photons move away from each other, the filament stretches and tightens. It is this stretching of this filament that conveys the superluminal connection and as long as nothing interferes with this connection, superluminal communication exists between the two objects. Even as they continue to separate, the stretching and tightening will ensure that the two photons act as one.

The entire Universe is interconnected by the medium of space because it is a solid. There is strong evidence to suggest this, as light is a transverse wave and transverse waves typically, if not exclusively occur only in solids. The medium of space under ordinary circumstances is maintained as a fairly constant value of tension. So the connection between objects is no faster than the speed of light.

Therefore with entangled objects any change in orientation of photon A will be immediately applied to photon B. This will happen via the filament interconnection within the medium of the solid spatial ether. The degree of effect that photon A has on Photon B, is 100% because they are phase correlated. In SR Theory all matter and energy are connected in the Universe but the degree of the effect they have on each other is miniscule upon separation with non-phase correlated matter. The degree of effect that particles have upon one another does increase as sub-atomic particles approach each other. According to Super Relativity theory the degree of effect between interacting particles systems is most accurately described to be a type of behavior that is known as deterministic chaos. This is what physically determines the outcome of all interacting particle systems it is a deeper reality than Quantum Mechanics.

Super Relativity Locality Axiom

At this point in the discussion locality and non-locality should be briefly explained.

Locality in physics means that force directly applied to an object in the local area has an immediate effect on that area, for example a cue stick striking a cue ball.

On the other hand, non-locality means that, by some unknown mechanism, an action on an object at one location immediately has an effect on another object at another distant location. It should be noted that this phenomena can only be noticed for phase correlated sub-atomic objects such as in the previous example of the twin photons. According to Super Relativity, when speaking about the sub-atomic realm, all particle interactions possess only local behavior.

Therefore according to Super Relativity Theory, simultaneity and locality is relative to the tension and rigidity of space, as this determines the speed of light which determines the rate at which objects react to each other as they physically interact. Simultaneity and locality are extended in size and connectiveness increases as spatial tension increases.

Einstein correctly believed that the principle of locality was necessary and that there could be no violations. What is incorrect is our definition of what locality is. Physicists have assumed that spatially separated objects are not local systems. This has occurred because there is typically a time delay between cause and effect between separated objects, when force passes between them. In Super Relativity the concept of Local Realism works in conjunction with locality to complete the picture of physical reality ... local realism being that objects must have pre-existing values before measurements are made and that these values only changed when acted upon by some external force. That external force usually turns out to be a measurement, which will most likely destroy the entanglement as well.

Unfortunately because of yet another misinterpretation of experimental data, physicists now think of the world as being a non-local reality based on the mystery of entangled object behavior. Since Quantum Theory has no physical explanation for this phenomenon, it must be an incomplete theory. The confusion and misinterpretation of what is happening with the entanglement phenomenon may lie in that by using probabilities, we are able to make correct predictions for group entanglement outcomes. Using this type of mathematical technique in reality will never allow us anything better than approximation of reality. What makes the problem even worse is that the approximation in many cases is accurate to a very high degree. This situation has then led to the entrancement of the physics community. Quantum Mechanics generally gets answers to problems using probabilities and this very successful technique has somehow created the thought that a mathematical solution regardless of its philosophical correctness is considered as true and correct. All that is left is to find a proper interpretation. Unfortunately with Quantum Mechanics there are many interpretations. That, in itself should be telling us that something is wrong with the theory. Unfortunately at this time simply getting an answer that matches experimental data is all that is needed to constitute proof that Quantum Mechanics is the ultimate theory of everything.

This faulty paradigm and misinterpretation of reality has allowed us to find solutions to problems via a mathematical technique that does not describe physical reality. The mistakes are further being exacerbated by the insistence on using probabilities and potentials based on probability theory, as an explanation for how physical systems work. This has become the mathematical equivalent to voodoo science. No other explanation for physical reality is posited. Scientists have even spun it further into a direction where the truth and explanation of physical reality becomes magical and mystical, where eventually the foundational explanation of quantum theory boils down into a nonsensical spooky logic involving a reality that is dependent on consciousness and the observer.

Locality as defined by Super Relativity means that there exists a medium that is a solid and all objects are within it. Therefore everything is connected through the medium which is composed of this continuous solid. The illusion of the existence of non-locality comes into play because of the typical time delay associated between a cause and its effect. Action across a distance takes time to propagate through the medium to the other spatially distant location. The delay is determined by the intrinsic constraints of space, such as tension. By the rules of Super Relativity there can be no separation between objects. This is so because any location in space is in direct contact with every other location in the Universe as space is continuous and solid. The illusion of separation comes into play as the cause of some action located at a spatially distant location, takes some finite amount of time to propagate through the medium. This is especially true where particle interactions are concerned. The only exception is that of the entangled particle system. For example it takes a particle of light 8.32 light-minutes to travel from the surface of the sun to Earth. If we were able to encode the twin photon with a special polarization and then wait for the other photon to reach Earth, we could then change the polarization of the photon at the sun’s surface and immediately detect the change with the photon located at the Earth’s surface. While it would still take over 8 minutes for the twin photon to reach the planet, any change made to the solar photon thereafter will be immediately transferred to the Earth photon.

This is a powerful clue as to the true nature of our physical reality. Locality then has also become relativized. According to Super Relativity Theory, the tension of space now becomes a key factor in determining simultaneity and locality. Higher tension extends locality. Entangled systems prove that the space and all its particles are part of one single entity. Subatomic behavior appears to be non-local only because of our lack of understanding. In reality everything is connected. What the mainstream physics community has not realized yet is that the EPR phenomenon is a very, very important clue that the Universe / God has left us. It is revealing the truest nature of nature.

Summary

In summation, even though particle geometries are spatially separated by great distances, an action at location A can and does immediately affect an object at Location B. When speaking about sub-atomic particle interactions, especially where EPR is concerned, the superluminal interaction is mitigated by a super tense ether substance. Mathematically speaking there is a localizing component (time delay between cause and effect is zero, because of the increased tension of space which translates into higher force propagations speeds). Simultaneity is extended across infinite spatial distances when spatial tension is increased. Therefore, it may also be possible to prove that the illusion of spatial separation is incorrect as entangled objects have a super tense fiber connection established between them.

This argument if true means that the mathematics of both Relativity and Quantum Mechanics are insufficient to explain this particular phenomenon. Recognizing this, there is therefore a need for the world’s scientists, both professional and amateur, to help in solving the riddle. The theory of Super Relativity is a philosophy based on both a logical and physical reality model and therefore includes only a small amount of mathematics necessary to prove the theory.

This chapter was written in attempt to properly define physical reality. Quantum Theory has essentially 2 pillars that it rests its foundation upon. One pillar being its explanation for entanglement and the other, the principle of superposition which is the explanation used to describe the strange results of the Thomas Young Double Slit experiment.

“Albert Einstein felt that there was something fundamentally incorrect with quantum mechanics since it predicted violations of locality.” Thirty years after Einstein’s work, John Stewart Bell responded with a paper which stated that no physical theory of local hidden variables can ever reproduce all of the predictions of quantum mechanics (Bell's theorem). [1]

Although Bell was correct, confusion and inaccurate interpretations continue to abound in physics where the EPR paradox is concerned. Scientists incorrectly concluded that the EPR paradox is simply a characteristic trait of Quantum Mechanics. However, it is our limited understanding of entanglement that leads us astray. Disproving the case for local hidden variables does not prove that Quantum Mechanics is the correct theory for explaining natural phenomena. All it has suggested is that these variables are not the cause of the so called non-local superluminal connection.

This chapter posits a classical albeit controversial explanation for entanglement and suggests that quantum theory is as Einstein has suggested an incomplete theory. The experimental results have shown is that there is no hidden information being carried by entangled objects. Therefore there must be another explanation that describes how entangled particles have instantaneous influence on each other when spatially separated. Einstein thought that quantum theory was wrong, but unfortunately then went on to propose an incorrect explanation for the then hypothetical phenomenon. Disproving Einstein theory of local hidden variables was used to validate Quantum Theory, thus compounding an already serious mistake.

Quantum potentials and probabilities should have no place in describing the outcomes of physical reality, because they are merely mathematical abstractions and have no real substance. Quantum Mechanics can only be used to successfully predict the outcomes of experiments that concern quanta and not phenomena that are associated with continuous fields. Mathematical expressions that use probabilities are not associated with any physical forces so they cannot in reality determine the outcome of the interactions between real objects. All that QM does is use probabilities to successfully predict the outcome of experiments in which millions of measurements are made. The outcomes of experiments can be predicted with probabilities but the physical explanations cannot be truthfully described using Quantum Theory. The success of Quantum Mechanics is primarily its ability to predict in a non-specific way, the outcome of groups of apparently random events. In reality, for each individual case, the outcome of an event is strictly determined by the interaction of the force fields of all the objects involved. Everything that happens in the Universe is connected. The EPR phenomenon proves this. For every cause, an action (from force) generates a reaction, that to some degree is felt everywhere.

[1] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principle_of_locality